Measuring instrument



March 28, 1944. w M BRADSHAW 2,35,@2

MEASURING INSTRUMENT 7 Filed July 10, 1941 v a; /Z0 9* nea INVENTOR KIM/0m Mfimdsfiaw Patented 194% FL J G ENSTRNT William M. Bradshaw, Summit,

Westinghouse Electric & an

N. 3., essignor to turlng dom pant, East Pittsburgh, li a a corporation of? Pennsylvania finalisation duly lit, will, denial No. lillflillll i Claims. (@l. Hill- 34) This invention relates to measuring instruments and it has particular relation to instruments xor measuring the maximum demand of variable electrical quantities.

In order to provide a proper basis for rate structures, it is common practice to employ maximum demand instruments for measuring the maximum demand of a variable quantity such as electrical current, energy or volt amperes. Gen= erally, it is undesirable to provide an indication of the instantaneous maximum demand of the quantity. For this reason, it is common practice to measure the maximum demand over a predetermineddemand interval, such as minutes.

In the maximum demand measuring devices heretofore employed, a pusher arm is provided which is moved in accordance with the quantity to be measured. In its movement, the pusher arm engages a maximum demand indicator, such as a pointer or pen, and moves the indicator to a position corresponding to the maximum demand for the desired interval. Should a larger value of maximum demand occur during a succeeding interval, the pusher arm aga n engages the in dicatcr and moves it into a position corresponding to the larger value.

with the prior art construction, a plurality of parts are required which contribute to the com plexity and cost of the maximum demand measurine device. For example, the maximum de== mend indicator may include a pointer mounted on a stub shaft. This pointer also requires a friction device or ratchet mechanism for holding the nointer in any position to which it is actuated by the pusher arm.

At the end oi a billing period, such as one month, it is customary to reset the maximum demand indicator. Because of the position of the parts in the prior art structures, the resetting mecha nism conventionally is placed adjacent the viewing face of the instrument, Such a position interieres with the visibility of the scales associated with the maximum demand measuring device and may require an intricate construction.

The pusher arm in the prior art maximum demand measuring device is actuated for each variation in the variable quantity being measured, whether or not such variation afiects the position of the maximum demand indicator. Such continued movement Of the pusher arm and parts employed for its actuation results in substantial wear.

In accordance with this invention, a demand measuring device is provided with unidirectional means for holding the device in amv extreme posia the front oi the cover.

provide a thermal maximum demand measuring deflect the bimetallic spring and pusher 2 i=1 The pusher arm preferably is modified to'provide an indication of the deflection oi the bimetallic spring. To this end. the pusher arm may be formed as an indicating pointer or as a pen arm.

Such a construction dispenses with the wirement for a separate indicating pointer or pen arm.

In accordance with a w er aspect oi the invenuon, the maximum demand measuring device is associated with a suitable measuring instrumentality, such as a watthour meter in a common casing or enclosure. The ccnventio enclosure employed for such devices includes a base mem her and a cup-shaped cover member associated therewith. Preferably, the mu'mcland in= dicating means is positioned adjacent the front of the cover and the unidirectional control means is positioned adjacent the se member of the enclosure. With such a posidcning of use parts, resetting mechanism for pert? reverse rota tion of the bimetallic spring have an ex ternally operable control member extending through the enclosure adjacent the junction be tween the cover and base members. in. this post tion, the resetting mechanism does not interfere with the visibility of pointers and. scales adjacent furthermore, the post tion does not require excessive modification of enclosure to permit passage of the control member.

It is, therefore, an object of the invention to provide an improved demand measuring device.

It is a further object of the inventlon'to provide a demand measuringdevlce having actuating element free to move only in a predetermined direction.

It is another object oi the invention to provide a demand measuring device having an actuating element free to move only in a predetermined direction and having resetting means operable for permitting reverse movement of the actuating means.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a thermal maximum demand measuring device having bimetallac actuating means free to deflect only in a predetermined direction.

It is a still further object of the invention to device having bimetallic actuating means free to deflect only in a predetermined directionand having resetting means operable for permitting reverse deflection of the bimetallic actuating It is a still further object of the invention to provide a maximum demand measuring device associated with a measuring instrument in a common enclosure wherein indicating means for the maximum demand device is positioned adiacent the front of the enclosure and unidirectional means for restricting movement of the actuating means employed in the maximum demand measuring device is positioned adjacent the rear of the enclosure.

It is another object of the invention to provide a watthour meter, having a base member and a cup-shaped cover member forming an enclosure, with a thermal maximum demand measuring device having indicating means extending over the front of the watthour meter and having resetting means including an externally operable control member extending through the enclosure adiacent the junction between the cover and base members.

Other objects :of the invention will be apparent from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing. in which:

Figure 1 is a sectional view in side elevation of a measuring instrumentality embodying the invention:

fig. 2 is a view in front elevation with parts broken away of the instrumentality shown in Fig. 1: and

Hg. 8 is a schematic view showing electrical connections for the instrumentality of Pig. 1.

Referring to the drawing, Fig. 1 shows a measuring instrument, such as an alternating-current watthour meter I, attached to a base plate I by means of suitable pillars 3. The watthour meter maybe of generally conventional construction, including an electromagnet l having avoltagewindingland currentwindingst which cooperate when energized to produce a shifting magnetic fleld. An electroconductive armature or disc I is positioned for rotation in the field produced by the voltage and current windings. Rotation of the armature I is retarded by a braking magnet l. A conventional register 9 may be associated with the armature I for integrating the rotation thereof. Preferably, the register is detachably associated with the voltage and current windings through suit-.

able conductors II. The casing also includes a cover I! having a light-permeable face portion its and a wall portion lib extending between the faceportion and the base member or plate 2. Conveniently the cover may be of glass.

This cover is detachably associated with the base plate I. It will be understood that the watthour meter I is designed to be mounted on 8. watthour meter socket with the contact blades I.

818 8 18 contact Jaws positioned within the socket (not shown). The cover may be attached to the base plate by means of a metal rim its having inturned flanges or cams lid for engaging lugs is carried by the base plate 2. A conventional sealing ring 21: is indicated for sealing the casing to a socket. If desired, a resilient gasket 2c of felt or other suitable material may be interposed between the base plate 2 and the cover II. A suitable construction for the casing and the socket of a detachable watthour meter is shown in the Bradshaw et a1. Patent 1,969,499, which is assigned to the Westinghouse Electric 81 Manufacturing Company.

In order to measure the maximum demand of electrical energy supplied through the watthour meter l, or of any other desired quantity. 9. time lagged maximum demand measuring device It is associated with the watthour meter i within the same cover II. This device may be mounted on'the lower face of a shelf ll which is attached in any suitable manner, as by screws Ila, to a face plate I! and to the watthour meter I. Preferably the face plate I! is provided with an opening its through which the integrating register 9 is exposed and through which the register may be moved readily for attachment, servicing or replacement.

The exact construction of the maximum demand measuring device It may vary appreciably. One form of a thermal maximum demand device is shown in the Smith Patent No. 1,417,695. In the specific embodiment illustrated in Figs. 1. 2 and 3, the device includes two bimetallic spiral springs It and II which have their inner ends attached to hubs It and it. These hubs are fixed to a common shaft 29. It will be understood that a bimetallic spring is formed of two dissimilar metals or alloys having different coemcients of thermal expansion. Consequently, when each of the bimetallic springs is heated, its inner end tends to rotate relative to the outer end. The outer ends of the bimetallic springs It and II. are fixed in permanent positions by means which will be described below.

For controlling the temperature of the bimetallic springs la and I1. four heaters ll, 22, 23 and 24 are associated therewith. Each of the bimetallic springs is heated by one pair of heaters, as clearly illustrated in Fig. 1. l

The bimetallic springs l9 and II are so mounted that when heated they tend to urge the shaft 29 in opposite directions of rotation. Consequently, variations in temperature which affect both springs equally have no appreciable effect on the rotation of the shaft 29 and the pusher arm its associated with the shaft. This means that ambient temperature variations have little effect on the accuracy of the maximum demand measuring device.

Rotation of the shaft 20 is determined by the difference in temperatures of the bimetallic springs It and II. By proper energization of the heaters, the rotation of the shaft and the pusher arm may be made dependent on a desired variable quantity such as energy flowing through the watthour meter l. Connections suitable for this purpose are illustrated in Fig. 3.

Referring to Fig. 3, the voltage winding I and current windings O of the watthour meter l are shown associated with a circuit 2' for the purpose of measuring energy flowing therethrough, The heaters II, 22, 23 and 24 are connected in a series circuit for energization by a current L which varies in accordance with the voltage of the circuit 25. Although the heaters could be connected directly to the circuit or through a separate transformer, an appreciable saving in space and cost may be effected by energizing the heater from the voltage winding of the watthour meter I. For this purpose, the voltage pole of the watt-' hour meter I is provided with an auxiliary secondary winding 28. This auxiliary winding 26 constitutes the secondary winding of a transformer in which the voltage winding 5 of the watthour meter is the primary winding. Consequently, the output of the secondary winding 26 may be represented by a current I, which varies in accordance with the voltage of the circuit 25.

Each of the heaters 2i, 22, 23 and 24 also is heated by a current Ii which varies in accordance with the current I of the circuit 25. This current may be obtained by connecting one terminal of the current winding 6 to a centrally disposed tap 21 on the secondary winding 28. By inspection of Fig. 3, it will be noted that the heaters 2| and 22 and the heaters 25 and 24 form two arms of a parallel circuit which is connected in series with the current winding 6 of the watthour meter.for energization by the current I flowing in the circuit 25. Consequently, the current 11 in each heater is equal to one-half of the current I flowing in the circuit 25. Instantaneous directions of flow for the currents It and Ii are'indicated by arrows in Fig. 3. It will be observed that the directions of flow are such that the currents I. and 11 add vectorially in the heaters 25 and 24 and subtract vectorially in the heaters 21 and 22. Consequently, when current flows in the circuit 25, a larger resultant current flows in the heaters 23 and 24 than in the heaters 2| and 22. With a circuit'as illustrated in Fig. 3, the rotation of the shaft 28 of the maximum demand measuring device I3 is dependent upon energy flowing in the circuit 25, as well understood in the art. Other connections for the heaters are shown in the aforesaid Smith patent.

The operating parts of the maximum demand measuring device l3 are enclosed in suitable housing 28 which includes a base portion 29, This base portion is provided with two chambers 30 and 3| for receiving respectively, the bimetallic springs i6 and II. In addition, the base portion 29 includes four slots 32, 33, 34 and 35 for receiving respectively, the heaters 2i, 22, 23 and 24. Although separate housing may be employed for each of the bimetallic springs, preferably the base portion is a unitary structure wherein the chambers so and 3| are connected by one or more webs 36 of restricted cross-section. The restriction of the cross-section is for the purpose of restricting the transmission of heat between two chambers. As a further guard against the transmission of heat between the chambers, the chambers are separated by a substantial air space 31.

The base portion 29 also has a slot 380 for receiving the ring flange 38 of a bearing 39. This bearing is for the purpose of receiving one end of the shaft 20. The remaining end of the shaft 25 is positioned in a bearing 40 carried bythe face plate l5.

' In order to position accurately the outer ends of the bimetallic springs l6 and ii, the ends are and "3. it may. be assumed that the split rings 4| and 42 are of an insulating material, such as a phenol formaldehyde condensation product. The attachment of the ends to the split rings may be in any suitable manner as by rivets.

To assist in positioning the split rings, the base portion 25 is provided with one or. more ribs for each of the split rings. For example, ribs 43 are provided for the split ring 4i and ribs 44 are provided for the split ring 42. when each spring and its associated split ring are inserted in a chamber, the ribs 42 or 44 are received between the ends of the split ring to position the ring within the chamber. Since the ring is somewhat attached, respectively, to split rings M and 52. 39

These split rings may be of heatconductive material such as metal or of insulating material, such as a phenol condensation product, depending upon the particular characteristic desired. In

resilient, the ends thereof may be spaced apart by a distance ncrmallyslightly less than the corresponding dimension of the ribs. This serves to eliminate play between the ribs and ring. By inspection of Fig. '1, it will be noted that the split rings 4i and 42 serve to space the bimetallic springs i6 and II slightLv from the Walls of the chambers provided in the housing 28. If necessary additional ribs or abutments may be provided for eng g and positioning the split rings.

Each of the chambers is provided with a cap 45 and 41 for completing the enclosure of each bimetallic spring. Although these caps maybe associated in a unitary structure similar to the base portion 25, preferably they are completely separated in order to increase the heat insulation between the chambers. The caps 48 and 41 are provided with chambers and slots for receiv-.

ing the bimetallic springs, split rings, bearing and heaters which are similar to the chambers and slots in the base portion 28. It will be noted that each of the caps includes ribs 45a and 44a which engage the outer surface of the associated split rings to complete the positioning of the rings in their respective chambers. Because of this construction, an air space is left substantially around each split ring.

The housing 25 may be constructed of various materials. Preferably the material selected is a heat and electrical insulating material, such as a phenol formaldehyde condensation product. Because of the accessible construction of the base portion-29 and the caps 45 and 41, these parts may be formed readily by a molding or casting operation. To facilitate such molding or casting.

the walls of the various chambers and slots may be tapered slightly.

Except for the inversion of the maximum demand measuring device lt-from a position above the watthour meter i to a position below the watthour meter i, the structure thus far described in detail with reference to Fig. 1 is shown in the copending application of H. P. Vassar, Serial No. 394,260, filed May 20, 1941, which has issued as Patent No. 2,328,738. For a further description of this device, reference may be made to the Vassar application.

In order to show the deflection of the shaft 20, a suitable indicating device, such as an indicating pointer or pen arm, may be associated with the shaft. As shown in the drawing, an indicating pointer 53 may be attached to the shaft 20 in any suitable manner. For example, the indicating pointer 53 may have a hub 5302 which is pressed and fixed firmly on the shaft 26. The indicating pointer 53 rotates with the shaft 25 to indicate the rotation thereof, and consequently, the resultant deflection of the bimetallic springs it and iii. A scale 8t may be provided on the face plate for coaction with the pointer 52.

the specific embodiment illustrated in Figs. 1, 2 as This scale may be calibrated to represent the with the maximum demand measuring device II.

This unidirectional device may take the form of a ratchet wheel II which is secured to the shaft 20. In order to permit the placement of the unidirectional device ll adjacent the base plate 2, the shait 2| may be extended. Ii necessary,

- an auxiliary bearing 12 may be provided on the base plate 2 for receiving one end or the shaft 2|. Rotation of the ratchet wheel II is restricted to a predetermined direction whichis clockwise,

as viewed in Fig. 2, by means or a pawl assembly II which is mounted for rotation on a stub shaft 14 secured to the base plate 2. The pawl assembly may be actuated into engagement with the ratchet wheel II in any suitable way, as by means oi! a biasing spring. In the specific form illustrated in Fig. 2, the pawl assembly includes a pawl arm .18 for mm the teeth of the ratchet wheel II and an actuating arm It. The

' pawl arm II and the actuating arm I! are urged by gravity in a clockwise direction, as viewedin Fig. 2, to bring the pawl arm- II into engagement with the ratchet wheel II. v

It is believed that the operation of the device thus far described is apparent from the foregoing discussion. When the maximum demand measuring device It is energized as shown in Fig. 3, the maximum demand pointer 53 is carried over the scale I to indicate the maximum energy demand of the circuit 2| for the demand interval. If after an initial movement of the maximum demand pointer I3, succeeding maximum demands are all finaller than that represented by the initial movement, the pointer 53, the shaft 20, and the bimetallic springs It and I1, remain This permits the bimetallic springs It and II to move the shaft 2| and the pointer II in a counterclockwise direction, as viewed in Pig. 2, to the lower value corresponding to'tlie maximum demand of the circuit 2| then existing. The return movement of the shaft 20 and the maximum demand pointer It takes place with reasonable promptness for the reason that the bimetallic springs It and II exert a bias on the shaft 2| in the direction of the lower value prior to the resetting operation.

Movement of the pawl arm 15 preferably is effected externally or the enclosure for the watthour meter I and the maximum demand measuring device ii. For this P p the actuating arm Il may be provided with a depend-- ing pin 'II attached thereto in any suitable manner. The pin "has anend disposed above a disc ll which is carried by a control member or rod ll. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, the rod is is positioned substantially between the cover l2 and the base member 2. Conveniently, the cover l2 may be provided with a groove 80 for receiving the rod IO. 'Ihe external end of the rod ll may carry a knob Ila which may be engaged for reciprocating the rod in an upward direction, as viewed in Figs. 1 and 2.

A suitable seal may be provided for the nod 18 to prevent actuation thereof by an unauthorized person. To this end, the rod I9 may be provided with a hole ll through which a. conventional sealing wire (not shown) may be threaded.

The installation of the rod l9 and associated parts will be apparent from the drawing, taken substantiallyat rest. This is for the reason that the ratchet wheel II, in cooperation with the pawl Ii, prevents a return movement of the pointer, shaft and springs.

The only eflect of such a change in the maximum demand of the quantity being measured is to change the resultant bias exerted by the bimetallic springs l6 and H on the shaft 20.

Should the maximum demand of the circuit 2' increase following the initial movement of the pointer 83, the construction of the pawl arm "and the ratchet wheel ll permits rotation of the shaft 20 under the influence of the bimetallic springs It and II to carry the maximum demand pointer 53 clockwise, as viewed in Fig. 2, to indicate a corresponding larger quantity on the scale 80. Therefore, the maximum demand pointer 53, the shaft 20, and the bimetallic springs I! and I1 move only when the maximum demand of the circuit 25 exceeds that indicated by the maximum demand pointer It. The maximum demand at the end 01" a billing period may be noted by an inspection of the position of the maximum demand pointer I3 relative to the scale II.

If the maximum demand of the circuit 25 at the end of a billing period is less than that indicated by the position of the maximum demand pointer 52, it is desirable to reset the maximum demand pointer 82 to the lower value for further operation of the maximum demand measuring device during a suceedlng billing period. This with the foregoing description. With the cover l2 displaced from the base member 2, the rod I! may be inserted through an opening l2 provided in the rim i2c into the groove 80. At the time of insertion, the rod I! may carry the disc II. The knob 19a then may be applied to the external end 01' the rod It in any suitable manner, as by providing the rod 19 and knob 80 with cooperating screw threads (not shown).

With the rod assembly in position, the base member 2 carrying the watthour meter. the

maximum demand measuring device It, and the pawl assembly I3, may be moved into the position illustrated in Fig. 1. In this position, the pin 11 is operatively disposed above the disc 18. To provide clearance for the rod I9, the sealing ring 2b may be provided with a notch 83 within which the rod I9 is positioned when the sealing ring is in sealing position.

The operation of the resetting mechainism thus far described now may be set forth. Over a billing period, the maximum demand measuring device It actuates the maximum demand pointer 53 to. a position corresponding to the maximum demand for a demand interval occurring.during the billing period. The maximum demand pointer. together with the shaft 20 and the bimetallic springs I! and i1, is maintained first notes the reading of the pointer 52 on the resetting may be eflected by moving the pawl arm ll clear of theteeth of the ratchet wheel "ll. wheel II and permits the return of the maximum scale 60. The meter reader next removes the sealing wire from the hole 8| and raises the rod II by engaging the knob 19a. Movement of the rod 18 carries the disc it into engagement with the pin I1 and rotates the pawl assembly 13 counterclockwise, as viewed in Fig. 2. Such movement of the pawl assembly carries the pawl arm 15 out of engagement with the ratchet assume 5 demand pointer 53 in a resetting direction. To complete the resetting operation, the meter reader returns the rod 19 to the position illustrated in Fig. l and reinserts a sealing wire in the hole 8|. The measuring device then is conditioned for operation during the next billing period.

Although the invention has been described with reference to certain specific embodiments-thereof, numerous modifications are possible. Therefore, the invention is to be restricted only by the ap pended claims.

I claim as my invention:

1. In a thermal maximum demand measuring device for measuring the maximum demand of a variable electrical quantity, measuring means including a thermomotive actuating unit, said thermomotive unit including bimetallic spring means designed to deflect normally in accordance with the temperature thereof, means for heating said bimetallic spring means in accordance with an electrical quantity to be measured, and unidirectional means associated with said thermomotive unit for permitting deflection of said bimetallic spring means in a predetermined direction but preventing deflection of said bimetallic spring means in the reverse direction, whereby said himetallic spring means retains its extreme deflection in said predetermined direction, an enclosure for said measuring means including separable base and cover members, and means operable to release said bimetallic spring means for movement in said reverse direction, said-bimetallic spring means operating only by its resiliency to return promptly in said reverse direction to a new de flection if the value of the quantity being measured is less than the value represented by the de flection of said bimetallic spring means immediately prior to a releasing operation thereof, said releasing means having an operating member extending exteriorly of said enclosure substantially g: the junction between said cover and base mem- 2. In a thermal maximum demand measuring device for measuring the maximum demand of a variable electrical quantity, actuating means including a thermomotive unit, said thermomotive unit including bimetallic spring means designed to deflect normally in accordance with the temperature thereof, a shaft associated with said bimetallic spring means, means mounting said shaft for rotation in accordance with deflection of said bimetallic spring means, means associated with said shaft on a first side of said bimetallic spring means for indicating a quantity dependent on the rotation'of said shaft, electrical heating means for heating said bimetallic spring means in accordance with an electrical quantity to be measured, unidirectional means associated with said shaft on a second side of said bimetallic spring 60 means for permitting deflection oi said bimetallic spring means in a predetermined direction but preventing deflection of said bimetallic spring means in the reverse direction, whereby said bimetallic sp means retains its tion in said predetermined direction, an enclosure for said bimetallic spring means, said enclosure including a cup-shaped member having a lightpermeable face adjacent said indicating means it and having a wall portion extending towards said 10 verse direction. I

3. In a measuring device for measuring a variable electrical quantity; an enclosure comprising a base member, and a cup-shaped member having a light permeable face portion spaced from said base member, and having a wall portion extending from said face portion towards said base member; a demand measuring structure positioned in said enclosure, said demand measuring structure including a shaft extending for asubstantial distance from a point adjacent said face portion towards said base member, actuating means for rotating said shaft in accordance with the demand of the quantity to be measured. means extending adjacent said face portion for indicating the rotation of said shaft, and unidirectional means positioned between said actuating means and said base member for restricting rotation of said shaft to a predetermined direc-' tion; resetting means operable for releasing said unidirectional means to permit a resetting operation of said shaft, and externally accessible means extending from said enclosure adjacent the iunc tion between said cup-shaped member and said base member for operating said resetting means.

4. In a measuring device for measuring a variable quantity, a motive actuating unit responsive to said variable quantity, said actuating unit comprising a resilient spiral member having a flrst portion movable relative to a spaced second portion of said spiral member in accordance with a function of said variable quantity, said first portion-being biased towards a predetermined position with respect to said second portion, unidirectlonal means associated with said actuating unit for permitting deflection of said first portion in a predetermined direction away from said predetermined position but preventing deflection of said first portion in the reverse direction, whereby the first portion of said spiral member retains its extreme deflection in said predetermined direction. a common enclosure for said actuating unit and said unidirectional means, said enclosure comprising a plurality of parts having adjacent faces, and means operable externally of said enclosure for releasing said spiral member to permit the resiliency of said spiral member to return said first portion in said reverse direction from a deflected position towards said predetermined position it the value of the quantity being measured permits the return of said first portion in said reverse direction, said last-named means including an operating member positioned substantially between said parts and extending through said encl, 

